Women in waiting

Palestinian women fight for national, personal liberation

By Karin Laub, Associated Press Writer

Women in waiting — The Grand Rapids Press, 7 January 1993 — The Grand Rapids Press · Grand Rapids, Michigan · 7 January 1993

Transcribed from the clipping

EL BIREH, Occupied West Bank — Sahar Sleim gets up at 4 a.m., sews blouses for Israeli shops for a dollar apiece, then throughout the day cooks, cleans, oversees her children's homework, sews again and collapses into bed at 9 p.m. Her husband, Walid, often gripes when he comes home from his tailor shop because Sahar has no time for him.

But she is quietly resisting his growing demands to give up her job. “I work so my children can finish university,” Sleim says from behind the sewing machine in her living room. “I want my daughters to be independent. I want them to get an education and only then to marry. I don't want them to repeat my mistakes.”

Sleim, 38, married Walid, a distant cousin, at age 19 under pressure from her father. She had hoped to study engineering by correspondence from Beirut University, but the dream died when the first of her six children was born. “If I could choose now between a husband and university, I would choose university,” Sleim says bitterly. “Sewing blouses is not enough.”

Sleim is among a growing number of younger Palestinian women who want to be more than housewives and mothers, completely subservient to fathers, brothers and husbands. The social mores in the occupied lands are no different from most of the Arab world.

But 25 years under Israeli occupation have exposed the West Bank and Gaza Strip to a Western industrialized society where contraceptives, college and careers are available to both sexes. Palestinian women's status has also been boosted, ironically, by resistance to occupation. Women have played a prominent role in the five-year uprising in the occupied territories.

But a full-scale feminist revolt seems far away. Women keep their complaints among themselves. Open dissent is severely dealt with: a daughter faces beatings, even banishment from the family, if she gets a job against her father's wishes. In rare cases, unmarried women who eloped were killed by their fathers or brothers for besmirching the family honor.

Still, some feminists see hope. They point to the negotiations with the Israelis for limited Palestinian self-rule in the territories as an opening. “Perhaps it will be the start of establishing a new society,” says Zuheira Kamal, an adviser to the Palestinian negotiating team.

But women will have to fight for any gains because the Palestinians' struggle for a state overrides all else, she adds. For example, the Palestinian team appointed Kamal to draft women's rights legislation, such as equal pay, to be considered under autonomy. But she says she got the go-ahead only after much pleading.

FREEDOM WITH LIMITS While many younger Palestinian women say they want change, they dislike what they see as the lonely and often frenetic lives of their Western sisters. “I would like Palestinian women to be free, but within the framework of Arab tradition,” says Sleim, who lives in El Bireh, a town just north of Jerusalem. “The family should stay strong.

I don't want to turn my children loose when they are 18.” Indeed, the traditional life has much to offer, especially the warmth and security of family. Household chores and child care are shared by many. After a woman gives birth, female relatives for the first weeks take care of her house and the older children.

Women can drop off their kids at a relative's without prior notice. Mothers, daughters and neighbors often cook together while sitting in a circle and chatting. The elderly are cared for at home, and old-age homes are unheard of. But the system only works because every family member obeys the rules which are enforced by men.

Fathers and older brothers decide whether girls should study and whom they should marry. Husbands determine how many children the wife will have, what she should wear, where she goes. Divorcees are stigmatized. Polygamy is still practiced, and men can get a divorce more easily than women.

“Our lives are full of the fear of men,” says Hania Aswad, a 22-year-old women's rights activist. Hanna Saed, 43, from the West Bank refugee camp of Dheishe near Bethlehem, said her father pulled her out of school at age 14 and engaged her to his friend's son, 17-year-old Ismail, to cement ties between the two families.

“I used to cry when I watched my brothers prepare their books for the new school year. If I had been allowed, I would have finished school and become a teacher,” says Saed, smoothing her traditional red-on-black embroidered robe and white head scarf in a nervous gesture.

Married at age 15, Saed moved in with her in-laws in Dheishe where she cooked and cleaned for a 13-member household. A year later, the young couple moved into its own home, a one-room shack in Dheishe furnished with a gas cooker, two beds, a table and chairs, and an outhouse and well.

Here, Saed raised three girls and three boys on Ismail's meager income as an olive wood carver. The children slept on mattresses that were stacked during the day, and took turns at the table to do their homework. Saed says she still cannot leave the house without her husband's permission. Like Sahar Sleim, Saed stakes her hopes on education.

A proud smile comes over her soft face when she describes how she kept her three daughters in school despite objections from her father-in-law. The oldest, Maha, is a lab technician, and Suzanna and Noha are in high school. MORE WOMEN ARE EDUCATED Education is one area where many of the 900,000 women in the occupied lands have made great strides.

In 1970, 65 percent had no schooling. Twenty years later, that number was down to around 30 percent. The percentage of women attending university rose from 0.5 to 6.2 in the West Bank, and from 0.5 to 4.9 in Gaza. Still, only some 30,000 Palestinian women, most of them single, work outside the home.

Most have menial jobs, cleaning for Israelis, picking fruit or working in factories. The law obliges Israeli employers to pay basic social benefits, but some dodge it by hiring unregistered workers. And the law doesn't apply in the occupied territories.

The 20,000 women working there have no medical insurance and only after 15 years on the job are they entitled to a small pension, said researchers at the Women's Studies Center near Jerusalem. A female factory worker earns an average of $170 a month, or enough to buy a food processor or 10 sacks of rice. In some areas, wages are as low as $28 a month.

MEN EARN MORE Males average $300. Pieceworkers like Sleim get just over $1 dollar to sew a blouse and 75 cents for a pair of jeans. Women with college degrees become teachers, bookkeepers and clerical workers. Only a few have made a career in business. It is the educated women who often face the toughest choice between tradition and Western ideas.

Hania Aswad and her younger sister set up house together while studying at the University of Texas in Austin. Their father retaliated by cutting off financial support and Aswad had to abandon her interior design course after two semesters because she couldn't study holding two jobs.

Aswad's parents divorced 18 years ago, and a year ago she returned from the United States to live with her mother, Mahboubeh, in the West Bank town of Ramallah. Aswad says her outspoken feminism clashes with convention. Mothers of girlfriends have blacklisted her as a bad influence and friends urge her to keep her mouth shut and find a husband.

“Some men have asked for my hand. But I've refused them because I don't want someone who is afraid of my beliefs,” she says. Sousan, 31, a West Bank teacher who moved back in with her family after divorcing, says her father initially refused to let her take driving lessons. He feared the neighbors would gossip if she spent time alone with a male instructor.

So her younger brother played chaperon, sitting in the back seat. Most women still follow the traditional path of housewife and mother. The average number of children is estimated down from nine to six since the 1960s, but Palestinian women still have one of the world's highest birth rates.

In recent years, the percentage of women using birth control rose from five to 15, said Mirray Jhniem of the Women's Resource Center, the main source of contraceptives in the occupied lands. But the center only dispenses contraceptives to women whose husbands consent, and advises that they be used only for spacing between pregnancies, not to limit the number of children.

It does not perform sterilizations. Abortions are illegal, though some doctors perform them secretly. When the Palestinian uprising began in December 1987, many women's activists were euphoric. They saw the rebellion as weakening the patriarchs' grip and pushing women forward.

In the initial mass protests, women won respect by standing alongside men and throwing stones at Israeli soldiers. Forty-seven women have been killed and 3,000 detained by the army since 1987. But many gains later disappeared, Kamal says. Long curfews and mass arrests have raised family tensions, and there have been more reports of wife-beating.

The average age of marriage for women fell from 20 to 17 during the uprising. Daughters are married off quickly because money is tight and potential husbands more scarce due to the mass arrests, Kamal says. She says women have a chance only if autonomy works without bloodshed. “And even then, we won't see this social change in this generation,” Kamal says.

“It will be for the next one.”

Context added by this archive

Eleven Palestinian women are named in one story. By the same reporter who filed the February 1994 dispatch on the first women's shelter in the Arab world. The paper's spelling of Ramallaha is kept.

Cite this item

"Women in waiting," The Grand Rapids Press, 7 January 1993. Covering Palestine archive, CP-1993-014. https://coveringpalestine.org/archive/cp-1993-014